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Every class and teacher method is different.
This is reflective of the real world and managing multiple priorities such as sport, job/internship/volunteerism.

After looking at any possible executive function issues, you could try creating a system which helps him standardize the process of keeping track of assignments. For example, making a spreadsheet which is a scorecard or log of assignments, with columns for due dates, checkpoints (for breaking down a larger project into smaller more manageable chunks), format of assignment (paper, electronic, powerpoint, speech notecards, project, etc), date/time turned in for electronic assignments. Some families set aside a special time each day, maybe after dinner or over dessert, to talk about kiddo's day and review the scorecard, see if he needs any supplies, etc. Then sign or initial the scorecard like you signed the middle school form.

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I saw an essay on google docs, but the teacher did not. Is it in the wrong place? I don't know!
This is a great opportunity for self-advocacy: your son could review the assignment specifications, jot down the date/time he placed his essay on google docs, and verify to his satisfaction whether he met the requirements for turning in the assignment in the expected place, by the expect time. He could then ask the teacher about it.

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he made a conscious decision not to turn something in, a week late, because he isn't happy with it and wants to rewrite it.
There's a need to balance time and quality, both with assignments and in life. There are definite trade-offs. Not being happy with a work product can sometimes be a positive... by the time we complete something we've learned a lot and could already do a better job... or it could be a sign of perfectionism (which sometimes is combined with procrastination). There are threads about perfectionsim, including this old post just in case you find him manifesting other signs of being a perfectionst.