CCN, good to hear about your ds and where he is now with reading. When encountered with a word that she hasnt already memorized, her first line of attack is to guess based on context. if that doesnt work, she does try to read phonetically but like your ds, she gets confused. For example, she always reads 'his' as shi and then gets mad because it doesn't make any sense. I know those words she often gets confused, so I just read them for her to avoid any frustrations. I am wondering if there are multiple strategies on how reading is formally taught and that good readers employ. If so, maybe I can present those to dd and see what sticks.