Originally Posted by Nyaanyaa
I would suggest the following order of study for a reasonable understanding:
  • (1) LOGIC: logical fallacies + METAPHYSICS: sentience;
  • (2) METAETHICS: good/bad, right/wrong, moral patiency, moral agency;
  • (3) METAPHYSICS: causality + NORMATIVE ETHICS: consequentialism;
  • (4) EPISTEMOLOGY: a priori vs. a posteriori vis-à-vis pure reason vs. science.

This should give her a lot of the necessary context to think critically about any politician's arguments, or even create some of her own ideas about how things should be run.

While these may be great strategies for general application, one may also wish to keep in mind that a US President takes an oath of office:
Originally Posted by Oath of Office
I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.
Therefore it is helpful, when observing or participating in the process of selecting a president of the USA, to also be familiar with the Constitution of the United States, which the President vows to uphold.