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http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/news/...critical-role-determining-iq-test-scores
Penn Research Demonstrates Motivation Plays a Critical Role in Determining IQ Test Scores

April 26, 2011

Angela Duckworth

PHILADELPHIA � New psychology research at the University of Pennsylvania demonstrates a correlation between a test-taker�s motivation and performance on an IQ test and, more important, between that performance and a person�s future success.

Angela Lee Duckworth, an assistant professor of psychology in Penn�s School of Arts and Sciences, led the research, which involved two related studies.

The first was a meta-analysis of previous research into the effect of incentives on IQ scores. For individuals who had above-average scores at baseline, motivation accounted for only about a quarter of a standard deviation, or about four points. But, for those who had below-average scores, motivation made up almost a whole standard deviation.

The second study involved an experiment in which researchers observed video footage of adolescent boys taking a standard IQ test to rate their motivation and then measured how well they fared in terms of criminal record, job status and educational attainment more than a decade later.

Coders, who were not aware of subjects� IQ scores or the hypothesis of the study, rated each subject�s motivation based on a standard rubric of behaviors, such as refusing to answer questions or obviously rushing through the test to make it end as quickly as possible. Ratings of test motivation and IQ scores were about equally predictive of the adult outcomes of years of education, employment status and criminal record.

�What we were really interested in finding out was when you statically control for motivation, what happens to the predictive power of the IQ tests? What we found is that the predictive power goes down significantly,� Duckworth said.

Duckworth�s research was published yesterday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

�When people use IQ tests in social science research, where thousands of kids are taking IQ tests where it doesn�t matter to them what they get, what�s the effect of motivation on those scores?� Duckworth said.

�IQ scores are absolutely predictive of long-term outcomes. But what our study questions is whether that�s entirely because smarter people do better in life than other people or whether part of the predictive power coming from test motivation� Duckworth said.

�Could it be that part of the reason doing well on this test predicts future success is because the kinds of traits that would result in you doing well �compliance with authority, self-control, attentiveness, competitiveness � are traits that also help you in life?

�This means that for people who get high IQ scores, they probably try hard and are intelligent,� she said. �But for people who get low scores, it can be an absence of either or both of those traits.�

The research was conducted by Duckworth; Patrick D. Quinn of the Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin; Donald R. Lynam of the Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University; and Rolf Loeber and Magda Stouthamer-Loeber of the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.

The research was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health and National Institute on Aging.

Motivation 'key to high IQ Score�
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-13156817

New evidence that IQ is not set in stone
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/26/scitech/main20057536.shtml

Penn psychologist's research suggests motivation is a factor in IQ
http://www.philly.com/philly/insights/in_health/120758909.html

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I have not yet read the original paper

Duckworth, A. L., Quinn, P. D., Lynam, D. R., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (in press). Role of test motivation in intelligence testing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

which is available at http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~duckwort/research.htm .

Coders, who were not aware of subjects� IQ scores or the hypothesis of the study, rated each subject�s motivation based on a standard rubric of behaviors, such as refusing to answer questions or obviously rushing through the test to make it end as quickly as possible.


Interesting...

I have to hypothesize, however-- (based upon my experience of parenting a kid who is a social prodigy)-- that it is entirely possible that motivation becomes less overt as one moves up in IQ. In other words, the higher someone's IQ, the more probable that they can HIDE a lack of intrinsic motivation or cooperation.

Not entirely sure just how one could correct for that in such an experiment, actually.

It seems to me that, based upon the parameters listed anyway, this study did more to monitor compliance in a fairly overt fashion than anything else. I'm not sure that compliance and motivation are necessarily synonymous.

And what about passive non-compliance? The non-confrontational sort? I've seen enough of that with DD to know that it is REALLY tough to tease out what "genuine effort" at a task looks like.

Wow, it sounds like you are parenting my younger dd -- lol! I often find myself thinking that her interpersonal skills and significant extraversion are not all positive. She's so aware of what she perceives from others that she'll appear to be whatever it is she feels others want her to be. I, too, see a checked out child b/c I know what she looks like when she's engaged, but to most people she appears cooperative, polite, and on task.